Media Matters
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2017
Pages: 424
Edition: 1
Copyright: 2017
Pages: 424
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Media Matters presents undergraduate students with the essential information and tools needed to become media literate and more critical in their media consumption. Spanning traditional print books to modern mass-media systems, Media Matters utilizes an engaging opening narrative to each medium followed by an easily accessible, informative text.
Designed for introductory mass communication courses, Media Matters:
- Offers Day-in-the-Life and Job Definition vignettes to give readers the chance to see what a career in a particular medium might be like.
- Presents a brief history of the technology for each medium, the development of the content, the current structure, a brief discussion on the interaction between medium and culture.
- Is Interactive! Activities include a wide range of links and downloadable media artifacts from classic and contemporary radio/television shows and film, blog discussion prompts, practice tests, and more!
Chapter 1 Book Publishing
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
In the Beginning
A Short History of Book Publishing Technology
From Rock Walls to the Cloud
Counting and Writing
After the Fall
Johannes Gutenberg
Growing Influence
Colonial Literacy
Cast-Iron Press
Steam-Powered Press
Rotary Press
The Linotype Machine
Twentieth-Century Printing
Changes in Typesetting
Twenty-First Century Printing
Implications for the Future
A Short History of the Content of Books
Profits from Printing
Fiction and Nonfiction Books
Robinson Crusoe
First American Novelists
Novels Become a Mass Medium
Dime Novels
Penny Dreadfuls
Major Publishing Houses
Twentieth-Century Fiction
Twenty-First Century Fiction
Competition Arrives
How the Book Publishing Industry is Organized
Books in Trade
Textbooks
Religious/Business Books
Getting a Book Published
Trade Books, Fiction
Trade Books, Nonfiction
Textbooks
Religious/Business Books
The Publication Process
The Critical Consumer
Literary Theory
Schools of Criticism
Book Reviews
Ethical Concerns with Reviews
Chapter 2 Newspapers and Magazines: The Print Legacy
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
In the Beginning
A Short History of Newspaper and Magazine Technology
Printing Press and Typesetting
News Gathering
Newspaper and Magazine Distribution Technology
A Short History of Newspaper and Magazine Content
The Start of Newspaper and Magazine Content
Nineteenth-Century Newspapers and Magazines
Civil War Press
Yellow Press
The Muckrakers
Twentieth-Century Newspapers and Magazines
Wartime Newspapers
Post-War Newspapers and Magazines
Newspapers in Decline
Overall Readership Declines
The Staffing and Business Structure of Newspapers and Magazines
The Future of Newspapers and Magazines
The Critical Consumer Academic and Popular Studies of Newspapers and Magazines
Chapter 3 Radio
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
A Brief History of Radio Technology and Regulation
In the Beginning
Early Implications
Two-Part System
. . . And The World Changed
Radio Act of 1927
Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
Limited Airwaves
A Brief History of Radio Content
How Music Saved a Business
FM Emerges
The Rise of Talk Radio
The Future of Radio
Job Opportunities
The Critical Consumer
Academic and Popular Studies of Radio
Chapter 4 Sound Recording
Learning Objectives
Introduction
In the Beginning
A Short History of Sound Recording’s Technology
Edison and Batchelor
Bell and Tainter
Emile Berliner
Record Players and Radio
Finding a Standard Speed
Success and Struggle
World War II
Polyvinyl Progress
V-Discs
The Speed War
Tape Recording
In-Dash Players
Cassettes and Eight-Tracks
The Digital Revolution
Napster
iPods
Mobile Phones
Digital
Rights Management
A Short History of Sound Recording’s Content
Caruso, Sousa, and Johnson
Blues
Gospel
Folk Traditions
Jazz and Swing
Post-War Soloists
Country and Western
Rock and Roll
Country Music in the 1950s
Folk Music in the 1950s
The Day the Music Died
Popular Music in the 1960s
Popular Music in the 1970s
Popular Music in the 1980s
Popular Music in the 1990s and 2000s
The Business of Sound Recording
Today’s Revenue Streams
Sell Music, Not Plastic
The Big Three
Technology Impacts Content
How a Record Is Made
The Critical Consumer
Two Areas of Critical Study
Musicology
New Musicology
Music Journalism
Chapter 5 Film
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
A Short History of Film Technology
From Camera Obscura to Digital Toys
Where Film Technology Is Going
A Short History of Film’s Content
Introduction
Types of Films
Nonfictional Films
Fictional Film Types
Dramatic Films
How the Film Industry Is Organized
Film Production, Distribution, and Exhibition
Production
Distribution
Exhibition
Industry Financial Summary
Risky Business
The Future
The Critical Consumer
Academic and Scholarly Study of Film
Film Journalism and Opinion
Chapter 6 Television
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
A Short History of Television’s Technology
Three Phases of Technology
The Mechanical Phase
The Nipkow Disk
John Logie Baird
The Electronic Phase
Philo Farnsworth
Vladimir Zworykin
Digital Phase
The First Golden Age Arrives
The FCC Freeze
The Network Era
Cable and Satellite Systems Era
Internet and Streaming Era
Where Television Technology Is Going
Television will be increasingly controlled by the viewer
A Short History of Television Content
Sight from Sound
Lucy Makes Changes
“Pat” Weaver Makes Changes
Types of Entertainment Programs
Situation Comedies (Sitcoms)
Westerns
Detective Dramas
Cop Shows
Spy Shows
Variety Shows
Emcee: Ed Sullivan
Participant: Carol Burnett
Reality Shows
Talk Shows
Soap Operas
Science Fiction
Game and Quiz Shows
Sports
Local Broadcast News
Network Broadcast News
Cable News
The Future of Content
Television’s New Golden Age
How U.S. Television Is Organized
Syndication and How It Works
Getting on the Air
Television Careers
Entertainment
Global Television Systems
The Critical Consumer
Chapter 7 Advertising
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
A Brief History of the Beginnings of Modern Advertising
Advertising Agencies Explode
Research and Theories of Persuasion
Center Stage: Broadcasting and Advertising Form a “Perfect” Union
Television and the Impact of Advertising
Advertising and Ratings
Enter the Internet
Ethical Issues in Advertising
Summary
Chapter 8 Public Relations
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
In the Beginning
Public Relations Defined
"Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics.”
Public Relations vs. Marketing
Working in Public Relations
Public Relations Skills
Job Outlook
A History of Public Relations
Early Forms of Public Relations
Early American Public Relations
Settlement and Expansion of the United States
Political Campaigns, Warfare, and Social Movements
Corporate History
Public Relations Today
Four Models of Public Relations
The Public Relations Process
Situation
Objectives
Audience
Strategy
Tactics
Timetable and Budget
Evaluation
RACE and ROPE
Types of Public Relations
Public Relations Tactics
Publicity Tactics
Presentational Tactics
Promotional Tactics
Advertising Tactics
Events
The Critical Consumer
Is Public Relations Having Its Own PR Crisis?
The Relationship Between Public Relations and Journalism
Ethical Standards, Professional Groups, and Academic Groups
Some Final Thoughts
Chapter 9 Journalism
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
What Is Journalism and News?
What Makes Something News?
What Was Journalism? Your Parents’ News Media
Yesterday’s Newsgathering Process
Today’s Newsgathering Process
Journalism’s Ethical Challenges
Tomorrow’s Journalism
The Critical Consumer
Academic and Popular Studies of Journalism
Chapter 10 Social Media
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
In the Beginning
Social Media Defined
Key Developments in the History of Social Media
THE 1990s
1997: AOL Instant Messenger and Six Degrees
1999: Blogs
THE 2000s
2001: Wikipedia
2002: Friendster, LinkedIn
2003: MySpace, Second Life
2004: Facebook, Podcasting, Flickr, Digg
2005: YouTube, Bebo
2006: Twitter
2007: Zynga, Tumblr, iPhone
2009: FourSquare
The 2010s
2010: Pinterest, Instagram
2011: Google+
2013: Vine
2015: Facebook Live, Meerkat, Periscope
Future Directions for Social Media Sites
Social Media’s Impact on Public Relations
Social Media Platforms and Campaign
Community Management
Monitoring
Pitching
Influencer Outreach and Brand Advocacy
Creating Content
Social Media Crises
Social Media’s Impact on Advertising
Social Media Advertising Formats
Social Media’s Impact on Entertainment Media
Second-Screen Experience
Premiering and Promoting Content
Prosumers
Social Media Entertainment Content
Celebrities on Social Media
Entertainment Blogs
Social Media’s Impact on Journalism
Social Media and Political Campaigning
Privacy Issues with Social Media
Conclusion
Chapter 11 Mass Media Effects
Learning Outcome Goals
A Introduction
B Agenda-setting, Priming, and Framing Theories
I Agenda-Setting Theory
II Priming Theory
III Framing Theory
C Gatekeeping Theory
AFTER section on SPIRAL OF SILENCE
G. Uses and Gratifications Theory
Conclusion
D Cultivation Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, & Third Person Effects
I Cultivation Theory
II Social Cognitive Theory
III Third Person Effects
E Knowledge Gap hypothesis
F Spiral of Silence
Endnotes
Chapter 12 Free Speech and Its Limitations
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
The Federal Court System in the United States
Provisions for Freedom of Speech and of the Press in the United States
Seditious and Criminal Libel
Defamation
Definition of Defamation
A Historical Overview of the Law of Libel
Elements of Libel Actions—The Plaintiff’s case
1. Defamatory Meaning
2. Identification
2B. Group Identification
3. Publication
3B. Libel Tourism
Other Elements of Libel
4. Falsity
5. Fault
5B. The Public Person Standard of Fault
5C. Persons Who Must Prove Actual Malice
5D. Private Person Plaintiffs
5E. What Constitutes Actual Malice?
6. Harm
Damages in Libel Actions
1. Compensatory Damages
1A. Special Damages
1B. Actual Damages
2. Punitive Damages
3. Presumed Damages
Standard of Proof Needed to Recover Damages
Defenses in Libel Actions
1. Truth or Substantial Truth
2. Fair Comment Defense
2A. Figurative Speech, Hyperbole, and Exaggeration
2B. Accurately Stated and Plausibly Interpreted Factual Basis
2C. Context of Publication}
3. Privilege Defense
3A. Absolute Privilege
3A(i). The Public Official Privilege
3A(ii). Consent Defense
3A(iii). Broadcasters’ Privilege
3B. The Qualified Privilege Defense
3B(i). Reporter’s Privilege
3B(i)b. Defeasibility
3B(ii). Neutral Reportage
3B(iii). Wire Defense
4. Statute of Limitations
Mitigation of Damages
The Basis for the Protection of Intellectual Property
Copyright Law
Historical Look at Copyright
The Early Copyright Statutes
The 1909 Copyright Act
What is Copyrightable?
i) Originality
ii) Tangible and Fixed. . .
Exclusive Rights of the Copyright holder
i) Copying
ii) Derivative Works
iii) Distribution
iv) Public Performance
A) Performance
B) Public
V) Display
VI) Specialized Works
Works for Hire and Freelancers
Elements in a Copyright Contract
Protecting Your Copyright
i) Duration
ii) Notice
iii) Deposit
iv) Registration
Protection of Copyright
The Plaintiff’s Case
i) Access
ii) Substantial Similarity
Types of Infringement
i) Direct Infringement
ii) Contributory Infringement
iii) Vicarious Infringement
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
Remedies for Infringement
i) Injunction
ii) Impounding and Destruction of Infringing Materials
iii) Damages and Profits
A. Actual Damages and Profits
B. Statutory Damages
C. Costs and Attorney’s Fees
D. Criminal Action
E. Statute of Limitations
The Defendant’s Case
Fair Use
i) The Purpose and Character of Use
ii) Nature of Copyrighted Work
iii) The Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used
iv) The Effect of the Use on the Potential Market or Value of the Work
Non-infringement Defenses under the Statute
Conclusion
Mass Media Ethics
Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists
Code of Ethics of the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA).
The Public Relation Code for the Public Relation Society of America
Principles and Practice for Advertising Ethics
Endnotes
Index
Rick Wilber is an award-winning writer, editor and teacher who has edited two anthologies and published five college textbooks on writing and the mass media, along with more than forty short stories, several novels, and two short-story collections.
Wilber is also notable as a well-published writer and editor of science fiction and fantasy stories and novels, many of them concerned with the future of the mass media. His Future Media anthology (Tachyon, 2011) brought together reprinted works of non-fiction and fiction from scholars and writers like Marshall Mcluhn, Henry Jenkins, Nicholas Carr, Judy Wajcman, Allucquére Rosanne Stone, Rafael Lozano-Hemme and Guillermo Gómez-Peña, Nicholas Carr, Gregory Benford, Pat Cadigan, Kate Wilhelm, Kit Reed, Robert Sheckley, Ray Bradbury, Norman Spinrad, James Patrick Kelly, and more. The book was named one of top non-fiction books of 2011 by Popmatters.com. Wilber’s recent novel, Alien Morning (Tor, 2016) follows a struggling future journalist whose immersive form of journalism is used to promote the arrival of seemingly benign alien merchants. The sequel, Alien Day (Tor, forthcoming) follows the journalist to the alien’s home world.
Wilber lives on the West Coast of Florida. He is married ana has two adult children.
Media Matters presents undergraduate students with the essential information and tools needed to become media literate and more critical in their media consumption. Spanning traditional print books to modern mass-media systems, Media Matters utilizes an engaging opening narrative to each medium followed by an easily accessible, informative text.
Designed for introductory mass communication courses, Media Matters:
- Offers Day-in-the-Life and Job Definition vignettes to give readers the chance to see what a career in a particular medium might be like.
- Presents a brief history of the technology for each medium, the development of the content, the current structure, a brief discussion on the interaction between medium and culture.
- Is Interactive! Activities include a wide range of links and downloadable media artifacts from classic and contemporary radio/television shows and film, blog discussion prompts, practice tests, and more!
Chapter 1 Book Publishing
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
In the Beginning
A Short History of Book Publishing Technology
From Rock Walls to the Cloud
Counting and Writing
After the Fall
Johannes Gutenberg
Growing Influence
Colonial Literacy
Cast-Iron Press
Steam-Powered Press
Rotary Press
The Linotype Machine
Twentieth-Century Printing
Changes in Typesetting
Twenty-First Century Printing
Implications for the Future
A Short History of the Content of Books
Profits from Printing
Fiction and Nonfiction Books
Robinson Crusoe
First American Novelists
Novels Become a Mass Medium
Dime Novels
Penny Dreadfuls
Major Publishing Houses
Twentieth-Century Fiction
Twenty-First Century Fiction
Competition Arrives
How the Book Publishing Industry is Organized
Books in Trade
Textbooks
Religious/Business Books
Getting a Book Published
Trade Books, Fiction
Trade Books, Nonfiction
Textbooks
Religious/Business Books
The Publication Process
The Critical Consumer
Literary Theory
Schools of Criticism
Book Reviews
Ethical Concerns with Reviews
Chapter 2 Newspapers and Magazines: The Print Legacy
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
In the Beginning
A Short History of Newspaper and Magazine Technology
Printing Press and Typesetting
News Gathering
Newspaper and Magazine Distribution Technology
A Short History of Newspaper and Magazine Content
The Start of Newspaper and Magazine Content
Nineteenth-Century Newspapers and Magazines
Civil War Press
Yellow Press
The Muckrakers
Twentieth-Century Newspapers and Magazines
Wartime Newspapers
Post-War Newspapers and Magazines
Newspapers in Decline
Overall Readership Declines
The Staffing and Business Structure of Newspapers and Magazines
The Future of Newspapers and Magazines
The Critical Consumer Academic and Popular Studies of Newspapers and Magazines
Chapter 3 Radio
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
A Brief History of Radio Technology and Regulation
In the Beginning
Early Implications
Two-Part System
. . . And The World Changed
Radio Act of 1927
Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
Limited Airwaves
A Brief History of Radio Content
How Music Saved a Business
FM Emerges
The Rise of Talk Radio
The Future of Radio
Job Opportunities
The Critical Consumer
Academic and Popular Studies of Radio
Chapter 4 Sound Recording
Learning Objectives
Introduction
In the Beginning
A Short History of Sound Recording’s Technology
Edison and Batchelor
Bell and Tainter
Emile Berliner
Record Players and Radio
Finding a Standard Speed
Success and Struggle
World War II
Polyvinyl Progress
V-Discs
The Speed War
Tape Recording
In-Dash Players
Cassettes and Eight-Tracks
The Digital Revolution
Napster
iPods
Mobile Phones
Digital
Rights Management
A Short History of Sound Recording’s Content
Caruso, Sousa, and Johnson
Blues
Gospel
Folk Traditions
Jazz and Swing
Post-War Soloists
Country and Western
Rock and Roll
Country Music in the 1950s
Folk Music in the 1950s
The Day the Music Died
Popular Music in the 1960s
Popular Music in the 1970s
Popular Music in the 1980s
Popular Music in the 1990s and 2000s
The Business of Sound Recording
Today’s Revenue Streams
Sell Music, Not Plastic
The Big Three
Technology Impacts Content
How a Record Is Made
The Critical Consumer
Two Areas of Critical Study
Musicology
New Musicology
Music Journalism
Chapter 5 Film
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
A Short History of Film Technology
From Camera Obscura to Digital Toys
Where Film Technology Is Going
A Short History of Film’s Content
Introduction
Types of Films
Nonfictional Films
Fictional Film Types
Dramatic Films
How the Film Industry Is Organized
Film Production, Distribution, and Exhibition
Production
Distribution
Exhibition
Industry Financial Summary
Risky Business
The Future
The Critical Consumer
Academic and Scholarly Study of Film
Film Journalism and Opinion
Chapter 6 Television
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
A Short History of Television’s Technology
Three Phases of Technology
The Mechanical Phase
The Nipkow Disk
John Logie Baird
The Electronic Phase
Philo Farnsworth
Vladimir Zworykin
Digital Phase
The First Golden Age Arrives
The FCC Freeze
The Network Era
Cable and Satellite Systems Era
Internet and Streaming Era
Where Television Technology Is Going
Television will be increasingly controlled by the viewer
A Short History of Television Content
Sight from Sound
Lucy Makes Changes
“Pat” Weaver Makes Changes
Types of Entertainment Programs
Situation Comedies (Sitcoms)
Westerns
Detective Dramas
Cop Shows
Spy Shows
Variety Shows
Emcee: Ed Sullivan
Participant: Carol Burnett
Reality Shows
Talk Shows
Soap Operas
Science Fiction
Game and Quiz Shows
Sports
Local Broadcast News
Network Broadcast News
Cable News
The Future of Content
Television’s New Golden Age
How U.S. Television Is Organized
Syndication and How It Works
Getting on the Air
Television Careers
Entertainment
Global Television Systems
The Critical Consumer
Chapter 7 Advertising
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
A Brief History of the Beginnings of Modern Advertising
Advertising Agencies Explode
Research and Theories of Persuasion
Center Stage: Broadcasting and Advertising Form a “Perfect” Union
Television and the Impact of Advertising
Advertising and Ratings
Enter the Internet
Ethical Issues in Advertising
Summary
Chapter 8 Public Relations
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
In the Beginning
Public Relations Defined
"Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics.”
Public Relations vs. Marketing
Working in Public Relations
Public Relations Skills
Job Outlook
A History of Public Relations
Early Forms of Public Relations
Early American Public Relations
Settlement and Expansion of the United States
Political Campaigns, Warfare, and Social Movements
Corporate History
Public Relations Today
Four Models of Public Relations
The Public Relations Process
Situation
Objectives
Audience
Strategy
Tactics
Timetable and Budget
Evaluation
RACE and ROPE
Types of Public Relations
Public Relations Tactics
Publicity Tactics
Presentational Tactics
Promotional Tactics
Advertising Tactics
Events
The Critical Consumer
Is Public Relations Having Its Own PR Crisis?
The Relationship Between Public Relations and Journalism
Ethical Standards, Professional Groups, and Academic Groups
Some Final Thoughts
Chapter 9 Journalism
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
What Is Journalism and News?
What Makes Something News?
What Was Journalism? Your Parents’ News Media
Yesterday’s Newsgathering Process
Today’s Newsgathering Process
Journalism’s Ethical Challenges
Tomorrow’s Journalism
The Critical Consumer
Academic and Popular Studies of Journalism
Chapter 10 Social Media
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
In the Beginning
Social Media Defined
Key Developments in the History of Social Media
THE 1990s
1997: AOL Instant Messenger and Six Degrees
1999: Blogs
THE 2000s
2001: Wikipedia
2002: Friendster, LinkedIn
2003: MySpace, Second Life
2004: Facebook, Podcasting, Flickr, Digg
2005: YouTube, Bebo
2006: Twitter
2007: Zynga, Tumblr, iPhone
2009: FourSquare
The 2010s
2010: Pinterest, Instagram
2011: Google+
2013: Vine
2015: Facebook Live, Meerkat, Periscope
Future Directions for Social Media Sites
Social Media’s Impact on Public Relations
Social Media Platforms and Campaign
Community Management
Monitoring
Pitching
Influencer Outreach and Brand Advocacy
Creating Content
Social Media Crises
Social Media’s Impact on Advertising
Social Media Advertising Formats
Social Media’s Impact on Entertainment Media
Second-Screen Experience
Premiering and Promoting Content
Prosumers
Social Media Entertainment Content
Celebrities on Social Media
Entertainment Blogs
Social Media’s Impact on Journalism
Social Media and Political Campaigning
Privacy Issues with Social Media
Conclusion
Chapter 11 Mass Media Effects
Learning Outcome Goals
A Introduction
B Agenda-setting, Priming, and Framing Theories
I Agenda-Setting Theory
II Priming Theory
III Framing Theory
C Gatekeeping Theory
AFTER section on SPIRAL OF SILENCE
G. Uses and Gratifications Theory
Conclusion
D Cultivation Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, & Third Person Effects
I Cultivation Theory
II Social Cognitive Theory
III Third Person Effects
E Knowledge Gap hypothesis
F Spiral of Silence
Endnotes
Chapter 12 Free Speech and Its Limitations
Learning Outcome Goals
Introduction
The Federal Court System in the United States
Provisions for Freedom of Speech and of the Press in the United States
Seditious and Criminal Libel
Defamation
Definition of Defamation
A Historical Overview of the Law of Libel
Elements of Libel Actions—The Plaintiff’s case
1. Defamatory Meaning
2. Identification
2B. Group Identification
3. Publication
3B. Libel Tourism
Other Elements of Libel
4. Falsity
5. Fault
5B. The Public Person Standard of Fault
5C. Persons Who Must Prove Actual Malice
5D. Private Person Plaintiffs
5E. What Constitutes Actual Malice?
6. Harm
Damages in Libel Actions
1. Compensatory Damages
1A. Special Damages
1B. Actual Damages
2. Punitive Damages
3. Presumed Damages
Standard of Proof Needed to Recover Damages
Defenses in Libel Actions
1. Truth or Substantial Truth
2. Fair Comment Defense
2A. Figurative Speech, Hyperbole, and Exaggeration
2B. Accurately Stated and Plausibly Interpreted Factual Basis
2C. Context of Publication}
3. Privilege Defense
3A. Absolute Privilege
3A(i). The Public Official Privilege
3A(ii). Consent Defense
3A(iii). Broadcasters’ Privilege
3B. The Qualified Privilege Defense
3B(i). Reporter’s Privilege
3B(i)b. Defeasibility
3B(ii). Neutral Reportage
3B(iii). Wire Defense
4. Statute of Limitations
Mitigation of Damages
The Basis for the Protection of Intellectual Property
Copyright Law
Historical Look at Copyright
The Early Copyright Statutes
The 1909 Copyright Act
What is Copyrightable?
i) Originality
ii) Tangible and Fixed. . .
Exclusive Rights of the Copyright holder
i) Copying
ii) Derivative Works
iii) Distribution
iv) Public Performance
A) Performance
B) Public
V) Display
VI) Specialized Works
Works for Hire and Freelancers
Elements in a Copyright Contract
Protecting Your Copyright
i) Duration
ii) Notice
iii) Deposit
iv) Registration
Protection of Copyright
The Plaintiff’s Case
i) Access
ii) Substantial Similarity
Types of Infringement
i) Direct Infringement
ii) Contributory Infringement
iii) Vicarious Infringement
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
Remedies for Infringement
i) Injunction
ii) Impounding and Destruction of Infringing Materials
iii) Damages and Profits
A. Actual Damages and Profits
B. Statutory Damages
C. Costs and Attorney’s Fees
D. Criminal Action
E. Statute of Limitations
The Defendant’s Case
Fair Use
i) The Purpose and Character of Use
ii) Nature of Copyrighted Work
iii) The Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used
iv) The Effect of the Use on the Potential Market or Value of the Work
Non-infringement Defenses under the Statute
Conclusion
Mass Media Ethics
Code of Ethics of the Society of Professional Journalists
Code of Ethics of the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA).
The Public Relation Code for the Public Relation Society of America
Principles and Practice for Advertising Ethics
Endnotes
Index
Rick Wilber is an award-winning writer, editor and teacher who has edited two anthologies and published five college textbooks on writing and the mass media, along with more than forty short stories, several novels, and two short-story collections.
Wilber is also notable as a well-published writer and editor of science fiction and fantasy stories and novels, many of them concerned with the future of the mass media. His Future Media anthology (Tachyon, 2011) brought together reprinted works of non-fiction and fiction from scholars and writers like Marshall Mcluhn, Henry Jenkins, Nicholas Carr, Judy Wajcman, Allucquére Rosanne Stone, Rafael Lozano-Hemme and Guillermo Gómez-Peña, Nicholas Carr, Gregory Benford, Pat Cadigan, Kate Wilhelm, Kit Reed, Robert Sheckley, Ray Bradbury, Norman Spinrad, James Patrick Kelly, and more. The book was named one of top non-fiction books of 2011 by Popmatters.com. Wilber’s recent novel, Alien Morning (Tor, 2016) follows a struggling future journalist whose immersive form of journalism is used to promote the arrival of seemingly benign alien merchants. The sequel, Alien Day (Tor, forthcoming) follows the journalist to the alien’s home world.
Wilber lives on the West Coast of Florida. He is married ana has two adult children.