Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2019
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2019
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As concerns for our environment have increased globally, the study of plants has evolved to address these issues.
The updated course content of the 2nd edition of Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World introduces students to some of the NEW cutting edge discoveries and updates in nomenclature. The expanded course content includes sample syllabi, an instructor’s manual, exams, quiz questions, and PowerPoint® presentations.
Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World introduces the reader to the dynamic world of plant science by providing the most up-to-date information and technology available. Written by authors with diverse plant science specialties and backgrounds, Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World addresses the entire gamut of plant science. The publication begins with the study of physiology and morphology of plants and then addresses the evolution, genetics, and classification.
Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World:
- is organized thematically to highlight the diversity of the different plant systems while focusing on the plant functions which ultimately determines their unique positions in the web of life.
- enhances the learning process by including beautiful imagery in the text; the accompanying website features interactive exercises, links to additional articles, self-review questions, and an online glossary.
- is available in an adaptive learning platform which allows each student to have a personal experience as they move through the material: https://he.kendallhunt.com/mckenney_adaptive
Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World is divided in to six units:
- Structure of the Green World – concentrates on the building blocks such as cells and tissues
- Reproduction in the Green World – introduces common methods of sexual and asexual reproduction
- Physiological Processes of the Green World – features photosynthesis and respiration along with plant responses to environmental conditions
- Origin and Organization of the Green World – an exploration of evolution and genetics as the driving forces behind the diversity of plant life
- Inhabitants of the Green World – a review of phylogeny and taxonomy give the platform for reviewing different classifications used for plants
- The Green World in the Web of Life – a rich exploration of biomes, ecosystems, and plant populations along with diverse uses found for plants
Preface
About the Book
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1 The Science of Plants
Learning Objectives
The Importance of Plants
Plant Domestication and Global Agriculture
Characteristics of Life
Living Organisms Have Cell(s) and Are Organized
Living Organisms Acquire Energy and Materials
Living Organisms Grow and Develop
Living Organisms Reproduce
Living Organisms Respond to Stimuli
Living Organisms Adapt to Their Environment
Diversity of Life
Classification of Living Organisms
Unique Characteristics of Plants
The Science of Plants
Disciplines of Plant Science
Scientific Processes
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section I Structure of the Green World
Chapter 2 Essential Molecules of Life
Learning Objectives
Water: The Main Component of Life
Water Is a Polar Molecule
Water Molecules Stick Together and to Other Polar Molecules
Water Is an Important Solvent
Water Provides Evaporative Cooling
Four Classes of Organic Molecules: The Foundations and Structures of Life
Carbohydrates Provide Fuel and Structure for Life
Nucleic Acids Make up the Blueprint of Life
Proteins Are the Substance of Life
Lipids Provide Fuel and Barrier for Life
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues
Learning Objectives
History of Cell Discovery
Scientists Who Discovered Cells
Development of the Cell Theory
Cells Are Tiny Units of Life
Smaller the Better
Observing Cells with Microscopes
Basic Cell Types
The Two Basic Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Common Cell Structures and Functions
The Plasma Membrane: Selective Barrier
The Cytoplasm-Metabolic Center and Internal Transport
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): Blueprint of Life
The Nucleus: Control Center
The Endoplasmic Reticulum–Biomolecule Factories
Dictyosomes or Golgi Apparatus: Packaging and Shipping Center
Vacuoles: Storage Facilities
Mitochondria: Energy Powerhouses
Ribosomes: Protein Factories
Plant Cell Structures and Functions
Chloroplasts: The Green Plastids That Make Food
Chromoplasts: Colorful Plastids That Add a Touch of Color to the Green World
Leucoplasts: Colorless Plastids That Store Stuffs
The Cell Wall: Support and Protection
Differences and Similarities between Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Tissue Systems and Functions
Ground Tissue System: The Storage and Support System
Vascular Tissue System: The Transport System
Dermal Tissue System: The Protective Covering
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 4 Roots
Learning Objectives
Root Function
Types of Root Systems
Specialized Roots
Roots for Stabilization
Roots for Extra Storage
Roots for Extra Anchorage
Root Structures
The Region of Cell Division
The Region of Cell Elongation
The Region of Maturation
Monocot and Eudicot Roots
Associations and Symbiotic Relationships
Association with Fungi
Association with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 5 Stems
Learning Objectives
What Is a Stem?
Stem Functions
Structural Differences in Stem Development
Primary Growth
Organization of Vascular Tissues
Secondary Growth of Eudicots and Gymnosperms
Monocots Lack Secondary Growth
Stem Classification
Branch and Stem Components
Leaf Attachment
Specialized Stems
Bulbs
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 6 Leaves
Learning Objectives
Leaf Morphology
External Morphology
Internal Morphology
Leaf Functions
Processes
Water Retention
Plant Protection
Support
Pollination
Trapping Food
Identification and Classification
Leaf Complexity
Leaf Venation
Leaf Shape and Color
Response of Leaves to the Environment
Heat and Drought
Changing Seasons
Air Pollution
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section II Reproduction in the Green World
Chapter 7 Flowers and Sexual Reproduction
Learning Objectives
Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction
The Complete Flower
Sepals and Tepals
Petals
Stamens
Pistils
Flowers and Their Pollinators
Identification and Classification of Flowers
Symmetry
Corolla Types
Inflorescence Morphology
Constructing a Floral Formula
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 8 Fruits, Seeds, Dissemination, and Germination
Learning Objectives
Fruit Development and Structure
Fruit Development
Structural Components
Fruits and Their Seed Dispersal Mechanisms
Identification and Classification of Fruiting Structures
Propagation by Seed
Germination
Dormancy
Quiescence
Physiological Dormancy
Physical Dormancy
Double Dormancy
Seed Production and Storage
Seed Certification
Seed Preservation
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 9 Asexual Reproduction and Plant Propagation
Learning Objectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Advantages of Asexual Propagation
Disadvantages of Asexual Propagation
Types of Asexual Propagation
Vegetative Cuttings
Grafting
Budding
Layering
Underground Plant Parts
Micropropagation
Apomixis
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section III Physiological Processes of the Green World
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis
Learning Objectives
The Role of Photosynthesis for Life on Earth
The Nature and Function of Light in Photosynthesis
Pigments and Their Role in Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Accessory Pigments
Chloroplasts and Photosystems
Photosystems
The Light Reactions and the Calvin–Benson Cycle
The Light Reactions
The Calvin–Benson Cycle
C Photosynthesis
Comparing the C and C Pathways
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 11 Respiration
Learning Objectives
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Conversion to Acetyl Coenzyme A
The TCA or Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Control of Respiration Through Feedback Mechanisms
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration and Fresh Produce
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 12 Plant Responses to Hormonal and Environmental Stimuli
Learning Objectives
Signal Reception and Transduction
Plant Hormones
Auxin
Cytokinins
Gibberellins (GA)
Abscisic Acid
Ethylene
Brassinosteroids and Other Plant Hormones
Responses to Light
Blue Light
Red and Far-Red Light
Responses to Gravity
Responses to Mechanical Stimuli
Responses to Environmental Signals
Responses to Pathogens, Insects, and Herbivores
Hypersensitive Response
System-Acquired Resistance
Defenses against Herbivores
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 13 Soils, Plant Nutrition, and Transport in Plants
Learning Objectives
Soils
Soil Horizons
Soil Texture and Structure
Essential Elements for Plant Growth
Nutrient Deficiency
Nutrient Availability and Cation Exchange
Nutrient and Water Uptake
Movement of Molecules across Membranes
Passive Transport: Diffusion, Channels, and Carriers
Active Transport: Proton Pumps
Passive Ion Exclusion
Active Ion Exclusion
Nutrient Uptake through Leaves
Symbiotic Microorganisms Providing Nutrients
Water and Solute Transport in the Plant
Water Potential and Water Transport
Root Pressure
Capillary Action
The Cohesion-Tension Theory
Plant Water Uptake in Dry or Saline Soils
Translocation
The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
Phloem Loading and Unloading
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section IV Continuity of the Green World
Chapter 14 Cell Cycle and Plant Life Cycle
Learning Objectives
Prokaryotic Cell Cycle
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Interphase: Preparation between Cell Division
Mitosis: Cell Division That Produces Growth
Cytokinesis: Physical Separation of Cells
Meiosis: Essential Cell Division for Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Generates Genetic Variation
Key Role of Cell Division in The Unique Life Cycle of Plants
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
Reference
Chapter 15 Patterns of Inheritance
Learning Objectives
Patterns of Inheritance
Mendelian Inheritance
One-Character Inheritance or Single-Factor Crosses
Two-Character Inheritance or Two-Factor Crosses
Mendel’s Principles of Inheritance
Complex Pattern of Inheritance
Importance and Impact of Plant Breeding
Traditional Breeding and Hybridization
Somatic Fusion and Tissue Culture
Genetic Modification or Engineering
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 16 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Learning Objectives
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA Structure and Organization
DNA Replication
Gene Expression
Mutations
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 17 Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Plants
Learning Objectives
Combining DNA from Different Sources with Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA into Fragments
DNA Ligases Glue DNA Fragments Together
Ways to Deliver Foreign DNA Molecules into Cells
Use of Reporter Genes to Identify Transformed Cells
Techniques for Genetic Modification of Plants
Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Transform Plant Cells
Using Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation Without Tissue Culture
Using Biolistics to Transform Plant Cells
Using Biolistics to Transform Plant Plastids
Genetically Modified Plants for Human Benefit
Genetically Modified (GM) Crops in the United States
GM Traits that Confer Tolerance to Herbicides
Stacking GM Traits
GM Traits that Confer Resistance to Insects
GM Traits that Confer Resistance to Viruses
GM Traits that Modified Product Quality
GM Traits that Confer Tolerance to Abiotic Stress
GM Traits that Produce Therapeutic Products
Benefits and Risks of Genetically Modified Plants
Increased Economic Benefits to Growers
Reduced Environmental Impacts from Pesticides
Enhanced Product Quality and Improved Post-Harvest Processing
Potential Health Risks
Potential Impact on Nontarget Organisms
Potential Contamination of Foreign Genes into Wild Species
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 18 Evolution
Learning Objectives
History of Evolution
Evolution by Natural Selection According to Darwin and Wallace
Evidence in Support of Evolution
Basis of Natural Selection
Genetic Composition and Evolution
The Hardy-Weinberg Law
Processes of Evolution
Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Nonrandom Mating
Natural Selection
Microevolution and Macroevolution
The Pace of Evolution
Adaptive Radiation
Convergent Evolution
Coevolution
Speciation
Reproductive Isolation
Allopatry
Sympatry
Rejoining of Isolated Populations
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section V Diversity of the Green World
Chapter 19 Phylogeny and Taxonomy
Learning Objectives
Classification Systems
Hierarchical Classification and Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Rules for Writing Scientific Names
How to Handle Hybrids
Systematics and Cladistics
Systematics
Cladistics
Domains
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
Chapter 20 Cyanobacteria and Algae
Learning Objectives
Characteristics of the Inhabitants of the Green World
Taking a Closer Look at Cyanobacteria
Differences in Body Forms and Structures
Differences in Cell Division
Different Types of Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria that Fix Nitrogen
Cyanobacteria Acting as Chloroplasts
The “Other” Cyanobacteria: Prochlorophytes
Taking a Closer Look at Algae
What Are Protists?
Different Types of Algae
Green Algae Are the Closest Relatives of Plants
Red Algae Are Close Relatives of Green Algae and Plants
Brown Algae Are the Giants of the Algal World
Diatoms Are Algae with Glass Shells
Dinofl agellates Are Troublemakers of the Algal World
Euglenoids Have Characteristics of Plants and Animals
Importance of Cyanobacteria and Algae to Humans
Important Phytoplankton
Toxic Blooms and Dead Zones
Biofuel Producers
Food and Industrial Products
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 21 The Plant Kingdom
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Land Plants (Embryophytes)
Major Plant Groups
Ancestors of Plants
Emergence and Diversifi cation of Land Plants
Characteristics of Land Plants (Kingdom Plantae)
Complex Polymers
Multicellular Structures
Unique Life Cycle Alternation of Generations
Associations with Mycorrhizal Fungi
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 22 Bryophytes
Learning Objectives
Evolutionary Relationships among Bryophytes
Characteristics of Bryophytes
Taking a Closer Look at Liverworts
The Gametophyte Generation
The Sporophyte Generation
Asexual Reproduction
Taking a Closer Look at Hornworts
The Gametophyte Generation
The Sporophyte Generation
Asexual Reproduction
Taking a Closer Look at Mosses
The Gametophyte Generation
The Sporophyte Generation
Asexual Reproduction
Importance of Bryophytes to Humans
Horticultural Uses
Household and Industrial Uses
Fuel Production
Medical Uses
Ecological Importance and Uses
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 23 Lycophytes and Ferns
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Vascular Plants (Eutracheophytes)
The Sporophyte Became Dominant
Emergence of Vascular Tissues, Stems, and Roots
Evolution of Leaves
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
Taking a Closer Look at Lycophytes
Taking a Closer Look at Ferns
Taking a Closer Look at Horsetails
Taking a Closer Look at Whisk Ferns
Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants to Humans
Horticultural and Agricultural Uses
Household and Industrial Uses
Food
Medical Uses
Coal Formation
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 24 Gymnosperms
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Seed Vascular Plants (Spermatophytes)
Sporangia Became Indehiscent
Gametophytes Became Dependent
Pollen Development
Seed Development
Sporophytes Became Woody
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Evolutionary Relationships among Gymnosperms
Taking a Closer Look at Cycads and Their Uses
Taking a Closer Look at Ginkgo and Its Uses
Taking a Closer Look at Conifers and Their Uses
Taking a Closer Look at Gnetophytes and Their Uses
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 25 Angiosperms
Learning Objectives
Characteristics of Angiosperms
Flower Development
Evolutionary Trends among Flowers
Seed Development
Fruit Development
Evolutionary Relationships among Angiosperms
Basal Angiosperms
Core Angiosperms
Taking a Closer Look at Magnoliids and Their Importance
The Magnolia Family (Magnoliaceae)
Taking a Closer Look at Monocots and Their Importance
The Lily Family (Liliaceae)
The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae)
The Grass Family (Poaceae)
Taking a Closer Look at Eudicots and Their Importance
The Bean or Legume Family (Fabaceae)
The Rose Family (Rosaceae)
The Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
The Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)
The Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)
The Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 26 Fungi: Friends or Foes of the Green World
Learning Objectives
Characteristics of Fungi
Evolutionary Relationships
Unique Cell Structure and Body Form
Unique Reproduction
Different Types of Fungi
Taking a Closer Look at Chytridiomycota
Taking a Closer Look at Glomeromycota
Taking a Closer Look at Ascomycota
Taking a Closer Look at Basidiomycota
Importance of Fungi to the Green World
Mycorrhizae: Partnerships between Fungi and Plant Roots
Endophytes: Partnerships between Fungi and Plants
Pathogens: Parasites of Plants
Lichens: Partnerships between Fungi and Algae or Cyanobacteria
Important Decomposers and Biogeochemical Transformers:
Recycling Nutrients for Plants
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section VI The Green World in the Web of Life
Chapter 27 Ecosystems and Biomes
Learning Objectives
Global Climate Patterns
Biomes of the World
Arctic Tundra
Boreal Forest
Temperate Coniferous Forest
Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests
Temperate Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands
Deserts and Xeric Shrublands
Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 28 Dynamics of Plant Communities and Populations
Learning Objectives
Levels of Ecological Studies
Interactions between Organisms
Mutualism
Commensalism
Competition
Parasitism or Predation
Population Ecology
Ecosystem Dynamics and Human Activity
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
The Food Chain and Food Web
Energy Transfer in Ecosystems
Biogeochemical Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
Ecological Succession
Succession on Mount St. Helens Following a Volcanic Eruption
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 29 Plants as Food, Commercial Products, and Pharmaceuticals
Learning Objectives
History of Plant Domestication for Food and Other Uses
Food Plants Essential to Humans
Grasses: Maize, Rice, Wheat, and Other Grasses
Legumes
Potatoes, Cassava, Sweet Potatoes, and Other Starches
Fruits, Nuts, and Vegetables
Plant Oils and Sugar
Commercial Products
Flavored and Fermented Beverages
Herbs and Spices
Paper, Cloth, and Wood
Medicinal Plants
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Glossary
Index
Cynthia McKenney is the former Rockwell Professor of Horticulture in the Department of Plant and Soil Science at Texas Tech University. During her 35 years on faculty at Texas Tech, she taught numerous courses in horticulture, including principles of horticulture, arboriculture, plant propagation, greenhouse crop production, and both herbaceous and woody plants. Dr. McKenney has been very involved in distance education since the late 1990’s developing numerous undergraduate courses that included laboratory exercises, as well as, multiple graduate courses. She has also participated in a USDA grant to create a graduate course on global horticulture and human nutrition to enhance community resilience and food security. Ultimately, Dr. McKenney taught over 10 courses via interactive video conferencing, online instruction, and blended formats. This resulted in her having student in several different countries in Europe and Asia. Dr. McKenney’s experience in distance education has provided her skills to aid in the development of many of the on-line features for this textbook. In addition to teaching, she has conducted research on water-conserving landscapes, native plants, and alternative food production systems. Her environmental viewpoint has added an additional dimension to this introductory plant science textbook.
Ursula Schuch is a professor in the School of Plant Sciences at the University of Arizona. Her educational background is in forestry and horticulture. She has taught horticulture classes including herbaceous plant materials and several plant production classes for temperate and tropical climates. Dr. Schuch has conducted research on the physiology of plants in many different climates. She is interested in understanding the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses such as drought, high and low temperatures, and salinity. Whether teaching plant physiology principles or production practices, she incorporates relevant examples students can relate to and improve their understanding of the subject matter.
Amanda Chau is a professor in the Division of Natural Science at Blinn College in Texas. She received her M.Sc. in forestry from University of Toronto and Ph.D. in biological sciences from Simon Fraser University. At Texas A&M University, she conducted her postdoctoral studies on manipulating fertilization as a management tactic against pest insects on greenhouse crops. She taught courses in entomology, horticultural and floricultural entomology, and principles of biological control. In 2007, Dr. Chau joined the faculty at Blinn College and has been teaching freshmen courses in biology and botany. Dr. Chau believes that we learn best as a community and strives to cultivate a learner-centered community with her students. She looks forward to exploring the fascinating world of plants with both her students and those who read this textbook.
As concerns for our environment have increased globally, the study of plants has evolved to address these issues.
The updated course content of the 2nd edition of Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World introduces students to some of the NEW cutting edge discoveries and updates in nomenclature. The expanded course content includes sample syllabi, an instructor’s manual, exams, quiz questions, and PowerPoint® presentations.
Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World introduces the reader to the dynamic world of plant science by providing the most up-to-date information and technology available. Written by authors with diverse plant science specialties and backgrounds, Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World addresses the entire gamut of plant science. The publication begins with the study of physiology and morphology of plants and then addresses the evolution, genetics, and classification.
Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World:
- is organized thematically to highlight the diversity of the different plant systems while focusing on the plant functions which ultimately determines their unique positions in the web of life.
- enhances the learning process by including beautiful imagery in the text; the accompanying website features interactive exercises, links to additional articles, self-review questions, and an online glossary.
- is available in an adaptive learning platform which allows each student to have a personal experience as they move through the material: https://he.kendallhunt.com/mckenney_adaptive
Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World is divided in to six units:
- Structure of the Green World – concentrates on the building blocks such as cells and tissues
- Reproduction in the Green World – introduces common methods of sexual and asexual reproduction
- Physiological Processes of the Green World – features photosynthesis and respiration along with plant responses to environmental conditions
- Origin and Organization of the Green World – an exploration of evolution and genetics as the driving forces behind the diversity of plant life
- Inhabitants of the Green World – a review of phylogeny and taxonomy give the platform for reviewing different classifications used for plants
- The Green World in the Web of Life – a rich exploration of biomes, ecosystems, and plant populations along with diverse uses found for plants
Preface
About the Book
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1 The Science of Plants
Learning Objectives
The Importance of Plants
Plant Domestication and Global Agriculture
Characteristics of Life
Living Organisms Have Cell(s) and Are Organized
Living Organisms Acquire Energy and Materials
Living Organisms Grow and Develop
Living Organisms Reproduce
Living Organisms Respond to Stimuli
Living Organisms Adapt to Their Environment
Diversity of Life
Classification of Living Organisms
Unique Characteristics of Plants
The Science of Plants
Disciplines of Plant Science
Scientific Processes
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section I Structure of the Green World
Chapter 2 Essential Molecules of Life
Learning Objectives
Water: The Main Component of Life
Water Is a Polar Molecule
Water Molecules Stick Together and to Other Polar Molecules
Water Is an Important Solvent
Water Provides Evaporative Cooling
Four Classes of Organic Molecules: The Foundations and Structures of Life
Carbohydrates Provide Fuel and Structure for Life
Nucleic Acids Make up the Blueprint of Life
Proteins Are the Substance of Life
Lipids Provide Fuel and Barrier for Life
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues
Learning Objectives
History of Cell Discovery
Scientists Who Discovered Cells
Development of the Cell Theory
Cells Are Tiny Units of Life
Smaller the Better
Observing Cells with Microscopes
Basic Cell Types
The Two Basic Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Common Cell Structures and Functions
The Plasma Membrane: Selective Barrier
The Cytoplasm-Metabolic Center and Internal Transport
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): Blueprint of Life
The Nucleus: Control Center
The Endoplasmic Reticulum–Biomolecule Factories
Dictyosomes or Golgi Apparatus: Packaging and Shipping Center
Vacuoles: Storage Facilities
Mitochondria: Energy Powerhouses
Ribosomes: Protein Factories
Plant Cell Structures and Functions
Chloroplasts: The Green Plastids That Make Food
Chromoplasts: Colorful Plastids That Add a Touch of Color to the Green World
Leucoplasts: Colorless Plastids That Store Stuffs
The Cell Wall: Support and Protection
Differences and Similarities between Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Tissue Systems and Functions
Ground Tissue System: The Storage and Support System
Vascular Tissue System: The Transport System
Dermal Tissue System: The Protective Covering
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 4 Roots
Learning Objectives
Root Function
Types of Root Systems
Specialized Roots
Roots for Stabilization
Roots for Extra Storage
Roots for Extra Anchorage
Root Structures
The Region of Cell Division
The Region of Cell Elongation
The Region of Maturation
Monocot and Eudicot Roots
Associations and Symbiotic Relationships
Association with Fungi
Association with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 5 Stems
Learning Objectives
What Is a Stem?
Stem Functions
Structural Differences in Stem Development
Primary Growth
Organization of Vascular Tissues
Secondary Growth of Eudicots and Gymnosperms
Monocots Lack Secondary Growth
Stem Classification
Branch and Stem Components
Leaf Attachment
Specialized Stems
Bulbs
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 6 Leaves
Learning Objectives
Leaf Morphology
External Morphology
Internal Morphology
Leaf Functions
Processes
Water Retention
Plant Protection
Support
Pollination
Trapping Food
Identification and Classification
Leaf Complexity
Leaf Venation
Leaf Shape and Color
Response of Leaves to the Environment
Heat and Drought
Changing Seasons
Air Pollution
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section II Reproduction in the Green World
Chapter 7 Flowers and Sexual Reproduction
Learning Objectives
Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction
The Complete Flower
Sepals and Tepals
Petals
Stamens
Pistils
Flowers and Their Pollinators
Identification and Classification of Flowers
Symmetry
Corolla Types
Inflorescence Morphology
Constructing a Floral Formula
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 8 Fruits, Seeds, Dissemination, and Germination
Learning Objectives
Fruit Development and Structure
Fruit Development
Structural Components
Fruits and Their Seed Dispersal Mechanisms
Identification and Classification of Fruiting Structures
Propagation by Seed
Germination
Dormancy
Quiescence
Physiological Dormancy
Physical Dormancy
Double Dormancy
Seed Production and Storage
Seed Certification
Seed Preservation
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 9 Asexual Reproduction and Plant Propagation
Learning Objectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Advantages of Asexual Propagation
Disadvantages of Asexual Propagation
Types of Asexual Propagation
Vegetative Cuttings
Grafting
Budding
Layering
Underground Plant Parts
Micropropagation
Apomixis
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section III Physiological Processes of the Green World
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis
Learning Objectives
The Role of Photosynthesis for Life on Earth
The Nature and Function of Light in Photosynthesis
Pigments and Their Role in Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Accessory Pigments
Chloroplasts and Photosystems
Photosystems
The Light Reactions and the Calvin–Benson Cycle
The Light Reactions
The Calvin–Benson Cycle
C Photosynthesis
Comparing the C and C Pathways
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 11 Respiration
Learning Objectives
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Conversion to Acetyl Coenzyme A
The TCA or Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Control of Respiration Through Feedback Mechanisms
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration and Fresh Produce
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 12 Plant Responses to Hormonal and Environmental Stimuli
Learning Objectives
Signal Reception and Transduction
Plant Hormones
Auxin
Cytokinins
Gibberellins (GA)
Abscisic Acid
Ethylene
Brassinosteroids and Other Plant Hormones
Responses to Light
Blue Light
Red and Far-Red Light
Responses to Gravity
Responses to Mechanical Stimuli
Responses to Environmental Signals
Responses to Pathogens, Insects, and Herbivores
Hypersensitive Response
System-Acquired Resistance
Defenses against Herbivores
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 13 Soils, Plant Nutrition, and Transport in Plants
Learning Objectives
Soils
Soil Horizons
Soil Texture and Structure
Essential Elements for Plant Growth
Nutrient Deficiency
Nutrient Availability and Cation Exchange
Nutrient and Water Uptake
Movement of Molecules across Membranes
Passive Transport: Diffusion, Channels, and Carriers
Active Transport: Proton Pumps
Passive Ion Exclusion
Active Ion Exclusion
Nutrient Uptake through Leaves
Symbiotic Microorganisms Providing Nutrients
Water and Solute Transport in the Plant
Water Potential and Water Transport
Root Pressure
Capillary Action
The Cohesion-Tension Theory
Plant Water Uptake in Dry or Saline Soils
Translocation
The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
Phloem Loading and Unloading
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section IV Continuity of the Green World
Chapter 14 Cell Cycle and Plant Life Cycle
Learning Objectives
Prokaryotic Cell Cycle
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Interphase: Preparation between Cell Division
Mitosis: Cell Division That Produces Growth
Cytokinesis: Physical Separation of Cells
Meiosis: Essential Cell Division for Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Generates Genetic Variation
Key Role of Cell Division in The Unique Life Cycle of Plants
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
Reference
Chapter 15 Patterns of Inheritance
Learning Objectives
Patterns of Inheritance
Mendelian Inheritance
One-Character Inheritance or Single-Factor Crosses
Two-Character Inheritance or Two-Factor Crosses
Mendel’s Principles of Inheritance
Complex Pattern of Inheritance
Importance and Impact of Plant Breeding
Traditional Breeding and Hybridization
Somatic Fusion and Tissue Culture
Genetic Modification or Engineering
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 16 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Learning Objectives
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA Structure and Organization
DNA Replication
Gene Expression
Mutations
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 17 Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Plants
Learning Objectives
Combining DNA from Different Sources with Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA into Fragments
DNA Ligases Glue DNA Fragments Together
Ways to Deliver Foreign DNA Molecules into Cells
Use of Reporter Genes to Identify Transformed Cells
Techniques for Genetic Modification of Plants
Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Transform Plant Cells
Using Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation Without Tissue Culture
Using Biolistics to Transform Plant Cells
Using Biolistics to Transform Plant Plastids
Genetically Modified Plants for Human Benefit
Genetically Modified (GM) Crops in the United States
GM Traits that Confer Tolerance to Herbicides
Stacking GM Traits
GM Traits that Confer Resistance to Insects
GM Traits that Confer Resistance to Viruses
GM Traits that Modified Product Quality
GM Traits that Confer Tolerance to Abiotic Stress
GM Traits that Produce Therapeutic Products
Benefits and Risks of Genetically Modified Plants
Increased Economic Benefits to Growers
Reduced Environmental Impacts from Pesticides
Enhanced Product Quality and Improved Post-Harvest Processing
Potential Health Risks
Potential Impact on Nontarget Organisms
Potential Contamination of Foreign Genes into Wild Species
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 18 Evolution
Learning Objectives
History of Evolution
Evolution by Natural Selection According to Darwin and Wallace
Evidence in Support of Evolution
Basis of Natural Selection
Genetic Composition and Evolution
The Hardy-Weinberg Law
Processes of Evolution
Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Nonrandom Mating
Natural Selection
Microevolution and Macroevolution
The Pace of Evolution
Adaptive Radiation
Convergent Evolution
Coevolution
Speciation
Reproductive Isolation
Allopatry
Sympatry
Rejoining of Isolated Populations
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section V Diversity of the Green World
Chapter 19 Phylogeny and Taxonomy
Learning Objectives
Classification Systems
Hierarchical Classification and Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Rules for Writing Scientific Names
How to Handle Hybrids
Systematics and Cladistics
Systematics
Cladistics
Domains
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
Chapter 20 Cyanobacteria and Algae
Learning Objectives
Characteristics of the Inhabitants of the Green World
Taking a Closer Look at Cyanobacteria
Differences in Body Forms and Structures
Differences in Cell Division
Different Types of Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria that Fix Nitrogen
Cyanobacteria Acting as Chloroplasts
The “Other” Cyanobacteria: Prochlorophytes
Taking a Closer Look at Algae
What Are Protists?
Different Types of Algae
Green Algae Are the Closest Relatives of Plants
Red Algae Are Close Relatives of Green Algae and Plants
Brown Algae Are the Giants of the Algal World
Diatoms Are Algae with Glass Shells
Dinofl agellates Are Troublemakers of the Algal World
Euglenoids Have Characteristics of Plants and Animals
Importance of Cyanobacteria and Algae to Humans
Important Phytoplankton
Toxic Blooms and Dead Zones
Biofuel Producers
Food and Industrial Products
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 21 The Plant Kingdom
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Land Plants (Embryophytes)
Major Plant Groups
Ancestors of Plants
Emergence and Diversifi cation of Land Plants
Characteristics of Land Plants (Kingdom Plantae)
Complex Polymers
Multicellular Structures
Unique Life Cycle Alternation of Generations
Associations with Mycorrhizal Fungi
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 22 Bryophytes
Learning Objectives
Evolutionary Relationships among Bryophytes
Characteristics of Bryophytes
Taking a Closer Look at Liverworts
The Gametophyte Generation
The Sporophyte Generation
Asexual Reproduction
Taking a Closer Look at Hornworts
The Gametophyte Generation
The Sporophyte Generation
Asexual Reproduction
Taking a Closer Look at Mosses
The Gametophyte Generation
The Sporophyte Generation
Asexual Reproduction
Importance of Bryophytes to Humans
Horticultural Uses
Household and Industrial Uses
Fuel Production
Medical Uses
Ecological Importance and Uses
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 23 Lycophytes and Ferns
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Vascular Plants (Eutracheophytes)
The Sporophyte Became Dominant
Emergence of Vascular Tissues, Stems, and Roots
Evolution of Leaves
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
Taking a Closer Look at Lycophytes
Taking a Closer Look at Ferns
Taking a Closer Look at Horsetails
Taking a Closer Look at Whisk Ferns
Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants to Humans
Horticultural and Agricultural Uses
Household and Industrial Uses
Food
Medical Uses
Coal Formation
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 24 Gymnosperms
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Seed Vascular Plants (Spermatophytes)
Sporangia Became Indehiscent
Gametophytes Became Dependent
Pollen Development
Seed Development
Sporophytes Became Woody
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Evolutionary Relationships among Gymnosperms
Taking a Closer Look at Cycads and Their Uses
Taking a Closer Look at Ginkgo and Its Uses
Taking a Closer Look at Conifers and Their Uses
Taking a Closer Look at Gnetophytes and Their Uses
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 25 Angiosperms
Learning Objectives
Characteristics of Angiosperms
Flower Development
Evolutionary Trends among Flowers
Seed Development
Fruit Development
Evolutionary Relationships among Angiosperms
Basal Angiosperms
Core Angiosperms
Taking a Closer Look at Magnoliids and Their Importance
The Magnolia Family (Magnoliaceae)
Taking a Closer Look at Monocots and Their Importance
The Lily Family (Liliaceae)
The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae)
The Grass Family (Poaceae)
Taking a Closer Look at Eudicots and Their Importance
The Bean or Legume Family (Fabaceae)
The Rose Family (Rosaceae)
The Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
The Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)
The Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)
The Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 26 Fungi: Friends or Foes of the Green World
Learning Objectives
Characteristics of Fungi
Evolutionary Relationships
Unique Cell Structure and Body Form
Unique Reproduction
Different Types of Fungi
Taking a Closer Look at Chytridiomycota
Taking a Closer Look at Glomeromycota
Taking a Closer Look at Ascomycota
Taking a Closer Look at Basidiomycota
Importance of Fungi to the Green World
Mycorrhizae: Partnerships between Fungi and Plant Roots
Endophytes: Partnerships between Fungi and Plants
Pathogens: Parasites of Plants
Lichens: Partnerships between Fungi and Algae or Cyanobacteria
Important Decomposers and Biogeochemical Transformers:
Recycling Nutrients for Plants
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Section VI The Green World in the Web of Life
Chapter 27 Ecosystems and Biomes
Learning Objectives
Global Climate Patterns
Biomes of the World
Arctic Tundra
Boreal Forest
Temperate Coniferous Forest
Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests
Temperate Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands
Deserts and Xeric Shrublands
Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 28 Dynamics of Plant Communities and Populations
Learning Objectives
Levels of Ecological Studies
Interactions between Organisms
Mutualism
Commensalism
Competition
Parasitism or Predation
Population Ecology
Ecosystem Dynamics and Human Activity
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
The Food Chain and Food Web
Energy Transfer in Ecosystems
Biogeochemical Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
Ecological Succession
Succession on Mount St. Helens Following a Volcanic Eruption
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Chapter 29 Plants as Food, Commercial Products, and Pharmaceuticals
Learning Objectives
History of Plant Domestication for Food and Other Uses
Food Plants Essential to Humans
Grasses: Maize, Rice, Wheat, and Other Grasses
Legumes
Potatoes, Cassava, Sweet Potatoes, and Other Starches
Fruits, Nuts, and Vegetables
Plant Oils and Sugar
Commercial Products
Flavored and Fermented Beverages
Herbs and Spices
Paper, Cloth, and Wood
Medicinal Plants
Key Terms
Summary
Reflect
References
Glossary
Index
Cynthia McKenney is the former Rockwell Professor of Horticulture in the Department of Plant and Soil Science at Texas Tech University. During her 35 years on faculty at Texas Tech, she taught numerous courses in horticulture, including principles of horticulture, arboriculture, plant propagation, greenhouse crop production, and both herbaceous and woody plants. Dr. McKenney has been very involved in distance education since the late 1990’s developing numerous undergraduate courses that included laboratory exercises, as well as, multiple graduate courses. She has also participated in a USDA grant to create a graduate course on global horticulture and human nutrition to enhance community resilience and food security. Ultimately, Dr. McKenney taught over 10 courses via interactive video conferencing, online instruction, and blended formats. This resulted in her having student in several different countries in Europe and Asia. Dr. McKenney’s experience in distance education has provided her skills to aid in the development of many of the on-line features for this textbook. In addition to teaching, she has conducted research on water-conserving landscapes, native plants, and alternative food production systems. Her environmental viewpoint has added an additional dimension to this introductory plant science textbook.
Ursula Schuch is a professor in the School of Plant Sciences at the University of Arizona. Her educational background is in forestry and horticulture. She has taught horticulture classes including herbaceous plant materials and several plant production classes for temperate and tropical climates. Dr. Schuch has conducted research on the physiology of plants in many different climates. She is interested in understanding the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses such as drought, high and low temperatures, and salinity. Whether teaching plant physiology principles or production practices, she incorporates relevant examples students can relate to and improve their understanding of the subject matter.
Amanda Chau is a professor in the Division of Natural Science at Blinn College in Texas. She received her M.Sc. in forestry from University of Toronto and Ph.D. in biological sciences from Simon Fraser University. At Texas A&M University, she conducted her postdoctoral studies on manipulating fertilization as a management tactic against pest insects on greenhouse crops. She taught courses in entomology, horticultural and floricultural entomology, and principles of biological control. In 2007, Dr. Chau joined the faculty at Blinn College and has been teaching freshmen courses in biology and botany. Dr. Chau believes that we learn best as a community and strives to cultivate a learner-centered community with her students. She looks forward to exploring the fascinating world of plants with both her students and those who read this textbook.