Practical Metabolic Nutrition: A Systems Approach to Vitamins and Minerals
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2023
Edition: 2
Copyright: 2023
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Practical Metabolic Nutrition: A Systems Approach to Vitamins and Minerals is not your average vitamins and minerals textbook. Practical Metabolic Nutrition uses a systems-based approach to energy metabolism. This innovative approach provides a better overall understanding of the intimate relationship of the micronutrients in whole body physiology.
The publication describes the interaction of vitamins and minerals with each other during digestion, energy metabolism—well just about every system—and the impact of deficiencies and toxicities effect on systems and metabolic processes. In addition, students receive access to the KHQ – online quizzing app to learn and assess key terms/content within the publication.
CHAPTER 1 LET’S GET STARTED! An Introduction to Vitamins and Minerals
WHAT IS A VITAMIN?
Fat and water do not mix
Vitamins have vitamers with different bioactivities
YOU MEAN TO SAY WE ARE MINERALIZED?
Mineral forms and functions
HOW MUCH OF THESE VITAMINS AND MINERALS DO WE ACTUALLY NEED?
How are these guidelines established?
Multivitamin and mineral supplement use in the United States
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORY OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS 200+ Years in the Making
THE EARLY DAYS OF NUTRITION RESEARCH
Scurvy-the bain of the British Navy
THE DISCOVERY OF VITAMINS
What’s in a name?
THE NUTRITIONAL MINERALS
Fluoride—my story
PUBLIC POLICY AND FORTIFIED FOOD
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 DIGESTION—A Healthy Tract Promotes Micronutrient Balance
REGIONAL SPECIFICITY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
MICRONUTRIENTS THAT PROMOTE A HEALTHY DIGESTIVE TRACT
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF VITAMINS
Vitamins that are passively diffused
Fat-soluble vitamins are incorporated into bile-salt micelles
Vitamins utilizing specialized intestinal receptors
DE NOVO PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS IN OUR DIGESTIVE TRACT
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF MINERALS
DMT1—the major iron transporter
Ion channels—a major mechanism for mineral absorption
Zip4-absorbing zinc in a jiffy
WHEN THINGS GO WRONG—CAUSES OF ABNORMAL MICRONUTRIENT ABSORPTION
Food interactions
Drug complications
Diseases or conditions that affect absorption
Genetics
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 GOT ENERGY?
THE PATH TO ATP GENERATION
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle, and the citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation—making the ATP
CREATINE PHOSPHATE, STORING ENERGY
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Pentose phosphate pathway
LIPID METABOLISM
Beta oxidation
FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM, AND MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Amino acid metabolism
Chapter summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY — Signaling and Gene Regulation
Lipid Bylayers and Receptor Signaling
Phospholipids
Cell signaling and calcium waves
Secondary Modifications and Gene Regulation
Modification of intracellular proteins
Zinc finger transcription factors
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 FREE RADICALS AND THE MICRONUTRIENTS THAT NEUTRALIZE THEM
WHAT ARE FREE RADICALS? AND WHY DO WE HAVE THEM IN THE FIRST PLACE?
WHAT IS AN ANTIOXIDANT?
WATER-SOLUBLE ANTIOXIDANTS
Vitamin C keeps oxidation at bay
GSH synthesis and recycling
FAT-SOLUBLE ANTIOXIDANTS
Vitamin E
Carotenoids
ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 FERTILIZATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND GROWTH
IT’S ALL ABOUT CELL DIVISION AND DIFFERENTIATION
THE FOLATE CYCLE AND ONE CARBON METABOLISM
Dietary and genetic consequences of deficiency
RETINOIC ACID
IODINE’S SINGLE FUNCTION
When things go wrong
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM – NOT JUST STRUCTURAL!
VITAMIN D METABOLISM
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS HOMEOSTASIS—I HAVE A BONE TO PICK WITH YOU!
Calcium and phosphorus absorption
Calcium blood concentration determines PTH secretion
Thyroid sensing of calcium levels (yes, here’s where calcitonin secretion is Controlled)
Kidney and bone responses to changing calcium and hormone levels
OTHER MICRONUTRIENTS INVOLVED IN BONE
Collagen synthesis and triple helix formation
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation
Here’s something to chew on—the role of fluoride
MICRONUTRIENT-ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D associated conditions
Vitamin K, vitamin C, iron, copper, niacin associated conditions
Genetic conditions affecting the skeleton
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AND THE EXRETORY SYSTEM
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
CELLULAR FLUID BALANCE
WHOLE BODY FLUID BALANCE
Renin-angiotensin system
Hypothalamic-pituitary-kidney vasopressin system
FLUID BALANCE DISRUPTION
Diabetes
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 BLOOD: HEMATOPOIESIS, CLOTTING, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM7
BLOOD CELL FORMATION
Iron metabolism and hematopoiesis
OXYGEN DELIVERY TO TISSUES
CLOTTING
Vitamin K cycle
Calcium
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
A through D, to zinc
IMMUNITY AND OXIDANTS
MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, TOXICITIES, AND GENETIC CONDITIONS AFFECTING BLOOD AND IMMUNITY
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 SKIN: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND WOUND HEALING
VITAMINS A AND D, WITH THYROID HORMONE AND BIOTIN
VITAMIN A-AN ELIXIR FOR YOUR SKIN?
Sunny vitamin D Synthesis
Thyroid Hormone—combating dry, itchy skin
Biotin—the skin, nail, and hair vitamin
PSORIASIS, AND ACNE—CAN SUPPLEMENTS HELP?
THE DERMIS AND HYPODERMIS
Wrinkles—how can we prevent or remove them?
Wound healing and often overlooked mineral, manganese
HAIR
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 THE NERVOUS AND SENSORY SYSTEMS
THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS
ION CHANNELS AND SIGNAL TRANSMISSION FROM AXONS TO DENDRITES
MICRONUTRIENTS, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AND NEUROPEPTIDES
AS MICRONUTRIENTS GO DOWN, NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE GOES UP
THE SENSES
Sight
Non-vitamin A carotinoids in vision and eye health
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
Calcium
Copper
Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Other Trace Minerals
Phosphorus
Selenium
Sodium , Potassium and Chloride
Zinc
Vitamin A
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Vitamin B9 (Folate)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Puzzle Answers
INDEX
Dr. Deborah J. Good obtained her PhD in Molecular and Cellular Biology from Northwestern University in Evanston, IL. During her graduate work, she characterized and patented the action of a tumor-suppressor controlled inhibitor of angiogenesis. During her postdoctoral fellowship at the National Institutes of Health, she developed three different knockout mouse models and characterized the role of two basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors in the developing nervous system. After accepting a tenure-track position in the Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, her research program focused on the genetic control of obesity and fertility. In 2006, Dr. Good was recruited to the Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise at Virginia Tech to join a growing number of transdisciplinary obesity researchers. It was in Blacksburg, Virginia where she and Daniel Miglia, the co-author of this text, met, and married. To date, Dr. Good has secured close to 4 million dollars in external awards and published more than 60 journal articles and book chapters on the genetics of body weight regulation. She has authored two other textbooks for Kendall-Hunt Publishers and has multiple papers and presentations on teaching pedagogy. She is currently a co-principal investigator on a Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant to promote inclusive excellence training for departments at Virginia Tech. Her passion for promoting research for undergraduates and minority students is evidenced by her development of the “Scholars program” 12 years ago. This program was originally funded by a USDA Higher Education Challenge grant, and most recently as an R25 from NIH with Dr. Samantha Harden. Overall, the Translational Obesity Undergraduate Research “TOUR” Scholars in its various iterations has sponsored more than 100 students for summer undergraduate research at Virginia Tech. Her current research program focuses on a mouse with a genetic deletion of the basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor Nhlh2. The mouse model has led her laboratory to uncover molecular mechanisms implicated in human obesity, sedentary behavior, hypogonadism, infertility, and the human genetic condition, Prader–Willi Syndrome. Dr. Good lives in Dublin, Virginia on Claytor Lake, with her husband Daniel, and her cat Graycie. Her daughter Claire is an undergraduate biology student and helped to edit each chapter of this book.
Practical Metabolic Nutrition: A Systems Approach to Vitamins and Minerals is not your average vitamins and minerals textbook. Practical Metabolic Nutrition uses a systems-based approach to energy metabolism. This innovative approach provides a better overall understanding of the intimate relationship of the micronutrients in whole body physiology.
The publication describes the interaction of vitamins and minerals with each other during digestion, energy metabolism—well just about every system—and the impact of deficiencies and toxicities effect on systems and metabolic processes. In addition, students receive access to the KHQ – online quizzing app to learn and assess key terms/content within the publication.
CHAPTER 1 LET’S GET STARTED! An Introduction to Vitamins and Minerals
WHAT IS A VITAMIN?
Fat and water do not mix
Vitamins have vitamers with different bioactivities
YOU MEAN TO SAY WE ARE MINERALIZED?
Mineral forms and functions
HOW MUCH OF THESE VITAMINS AND MINERALS DO WE ACTUALLY NEED?
How are these guidelines established?
Multivitamin and mineral supplement use in the United States
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORY OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS 200+ Years in the Making
THE EARLY DAYS OF NUTRITION RESEARCH
Scurvy-the bain of the British Navy
THE DISCOVERY OF VITAMINS
What’s in a name?
THE NUTRITIONAL MINERALS
Fluoride—my story
PUBLIC POLICY AND FORTIFIED FOOD
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 DIGESTION—A Healthy Tract Promotes Micronutrient Balance
REGIONAL SPECIFICITY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
MICRONUTRIENTS THAT PROMOTE A HEALTHY DIGESTIVE TRACT
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF VITAMINS
Vitamins that are passively diffused
Fat-soluble vitamins are incorporated into bile-salt micelles
Vitamins utilizing specialized intestinal receptors
DE NOVO PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS IN OUR DIGESTIVE TRACT
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF MINERALS
DMT1—the major iron transporter
Ion channels—a major mechanism for mineral absorption
Zip4-absorbing zinc in a jiffy
WHEN THINGS GO WRONG—CAUSES OF ABNORMAL MICRONUTRIENT ABSORPTION
Food interactions
Drug complications
Diseases or conditions that affect absorption
Genetics
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 GOT ENERGY?
THE PATH TO ATP GENERATION
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle, and the citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation—making the ATP
CREATINE PHOSPHATE, STORING ENERGY
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Pentose phosphate pathway
LIPID METABOLISM
Beta oxidation
FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM, AND MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
PROTEIN METABOLISM
Amino acid metabolism
Chapter summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY — Signaling and Gene Regulation
Lipid Bylayers and Receptor Signaling
Phospholipids
Cell signaling and calcium waves
Secondary Modifications and Gene Regulation
Modification of intracellular proteins
Zinc finger transcription factors
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 FREE RADICALS AND THE MICRONUTRIENTS THAT NEUTRALIZE THEM
WHAT ARE FREE RADICALS? AND WHY DO WE HAVE THEM IN THE FIRST PLACE?
WHAT IS AN ANTIOXIDANT?
WATER-SOLUBLE ANTIOXIDANTS
Vitamin C keeps oxidation at bay
GSH synthesis and recycling
FAT-SOLUBLE ANTIOXIDANTS
Vitamin E
Carotenoids
ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 FERTILIZATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND GROWTH
IT’S ALL ABOUT CELL DIVISION AND DIFFERENTIATION
THE FOLATE CYCLE AND ONE CARBON METABOLISM
Dietary and genetic consequences of deficiency
RETINOIC ACID
IODINE’S SINGLE FUNCTION
When things go wrong
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM – NOT JUST STRUCTURAL!
VITAMIN D METABOLISM
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS HOMEOSTASIS—I HAVE A BONE TO PICK WITH YOU!
Calcium and phosphorus absorption
Calcium blood concentration determines PTH secretion
Thyroid sensing of calcium levels (yes, here’s where calcitonin secretion is Controlled)
Kidney and bone responses to changing calcium and hormone levels
OTHER MICRONUTRIENTS INVOLVED IN BONE
Collagen synthesis and triple helix formation
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation
Here’s something to chew on—the role of fluoride
MICRONUTRIENT-ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D associated conditions
Vitamin K, vitamin C, iron, copper, niacin associated conditions
Genetic conditions affecting the skeleton
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AND THE EXRETORY SYSTEM
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
CELLULAR FLUID BALANCE
WHOLE BODY FLUID BALANCE
Renin-angiotensin system
Hypothalamic-pituitary-kidney vasopressin system
FLUID BALANCE DISRUPTION
Diabetes
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 BLOOD: HEMATOPOIESIS, CLOTTING, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM7
BLOOD CELL FORMATION
Iron metabolism and hematopoiesis
OXYGEN DELIVERY TO TISSUES
CLOTTING
Vitamin K cycle
Calcium
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
A through D, to zinc
IMMUNITY AND OXIDANTS
MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES, TOXICITIES, AND GENETIC CONDITIONS AFFECTING BLOOD AND IMMUNITY
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 SKIN: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND WOUND HEALING
VITAMINS A AND D, WITH THYROID HORMONE AND BIOTIN
VITAMIN A-AN ELIXIR FOR YOUR SKIN?
Sunny vitamin D Synthesis
Thyroid Hormone—combating dry, itchy skin
Biotin—the skin, nail, and hair vitamin
PSORIASIS, AND ACNE—CAN SUPPLEMENTS HELP?
THE DERMIS AND HYPODERMIS
Wrinkles—how can we prevent or remove them?
Wound healing and often overlooked mineral, manganese
HAIR
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 THE NERVOUS AND SENSORY SYSTEMS
THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS
ION CHANNELS AND SIGNAL TRANSMISSION FROM AXONS TO DENDRITES
MICRONUTRIENTS, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AND NEUROPEPTIDES
AS MICRONUTRIENTS GO DOWN, NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE GOES UP
THE SENSES
Sight
Non-vitamin A carotinoids in vision and eye health
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Chapter Summary
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
Calcium
Copper
Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Other Trace Minerals
Phosphorus
Selenium
Sodium , Potassium and Chloride
Zinc
Vitamin A
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Vitamin B9 (Folate)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Puzzle Answers
INDEX
Dr. Deborah J. Good obtained her PhD in Molecular and Cellular Biology from Northwestern University in Evanston, IL. During her graduate work, she characterized and patented the action of a tumor-suppressor controlled inhibitor of angiogenesis. During her postdoctoral fellowship at the National Institutes of Health, she developed three different knockout mouse models and characterized the role of two basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors in the developing nervous system. After accepting a tenure-track position in the Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, her research program focused on the genetic control of obesity and fertility. In 2006, Dr. Good was recruited to the Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise at Virginia Tech to join a growing number of transdisciplinary obesity researchers. It was in Blacksburg, Virginia where she and Daniel Miglia, the co-author of this text, met, and married. To date, Dr. Good has secured close to 4 million dollars in external awards and published more than 60 journal articles and book chapters on the genetics of body weight regulation. She has authored two other textbooks for Kendall-Hunt Publishers and has multiple papers and presentations on teaching pedagogy. She is currently a co-principal investigator on a Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant to promote inclusive excellence training for departments at Virginia Tech. Her passion for promoting research for undergraduates and minority students is evidenced by her development of the “Scholars program” 12 years ago. This program was originally funded by a USDA Higher Education Challenge grant, and most recently as an R25 from NIH with Dr. Samantha Harden. Overall, the Translational Obesity Undergraduate Research “TOUR” Scholars in its various iterations has sponsored more than 100 students for summer undergraduate research at Virginia Tech. Her current research program focuses on a mouse with a genetic deletion of the basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor Nhlh2. The mouse model has led her laboratory to uncover molecular mechanisms implicated in human obesity, sedentary behavior, hypogonadism, infertility, and the human genetic condition, Prader–Willi Syndrome. Dr. Good lives in Dublin, Virginia on Claytor Lake, with her husband Daniel, and her cat Graycie. Her daughter Claire is an undergraduate biology student and helped to edit each chapter of this book.